10 Facts for a Research Paper on the History of the Middle East

10 Facts for a Research Paper on the History of the Middle East Welcome to our first guide that will help you write a research paper on the history of the Middle East. We have written three helpful guides, each serving a different purpose.   Studying these three guides would help you understand history and compose a competent research paper on the Middle Eastern history so that you can score good marks. This guide is segmented into three parts. Our first guide, 10 Facts for a Research Paper on the History of the Middle East, draws a clearer picture of the past events and incidents that took place in the Middle East. References are also mentioned at the bottom of this guide so that you can verify these facts or collect more information. Our second guide, 20 history of the Middle East research paper topics, helps you in determining a relevant topic for the research. All the topics mentioned in the guide are known to have played an important role in the making of Middle Easts history. We have also written a short sample essay for you to understand and grasp the techniques which are necessary to write a good research paper. Our third and final guide, How to Write a Good Research Paper on a History of the Middle East, explains the methodologies and procedures that will help you write a proper research paper. It also contains some helpful tips and steps that you should follow. A good research paper is the one that is resourceful and has a lot of facts and research data to support the statements that you make. A research paper has to be research oriented and allow readers to find something new about a particular topic. We have selected all our facts keeping this in mind, and they are easily expandable allowing you to come up with some unique essays that will help you impress your professor. Without wasting any more time, let us begin our first guide: In the beginning, â€Å"Middle East† was confined to Iran only, but Sir Valentine’s work in the book â€Å"The Middle Eastern Question† extended its territory. He expanded on the definition of Middle East and suggested to include other Asian regions as well, particularly regions that bordered with India. As a result, other countries including Iraq, Persia, Afghanistan and the Eastern Coast of Arabia along with Tibet also became a part of Middle East. Alfred Thayer Mahan coined the term ‘Middle East’ in 1902 for the first time. The term was published in an article called The Persian Gulf and International Relations. However, the name didn’t catch up until Sir Valentine Ignatius used it in his writing. Before it, the region was also known as the Near East, which many believe is also the source of the region’s current name. Unlike North America or Europe, Middle East didn’t have a rich environment. Water was scarce, and there was a lack of natural resources as well. However, it was in 1908 that a British company found oil in the region, which is now a part of Iran and was back then known as Persia. This first exploration gave rise to many other explorations, and the region quickly turned out to be a mine of natural resources, mainly oil. A significant number of religions took birth in the Middle East, with Islam being the most known and powerful one. Islam began to spread from the Middle East and is now one of the most followed religions in the world. Other than this, some small religions like Judaism, Christianity, Bahà ­ Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze, and Shabakism are also believed to have originated from the Middle East. Christianity played a vital role in the first century in the Middle East. The largest Christian group in the Middle East is the Arabic-speaking Copts. It ranges approximately from 6 to 11 million people. Lebanon is known to contain the highest ratio of Christians till date, ranging from 39% to 40.5% of the total population. The region has seen several wars, especially wars in the 16th century between Safavids and Ottomans. This was when the Ottoman empire was getting weak, and they were driven out of Hungary, and the British were in control of a part of the Middle Eastern region. Some parts of Middle East were also under the control of French and Italians, and it wasn’t until the 1920s that an independence wave started. During the era of Achaemenid tradition, a spiritual prophet of Ancient Iran invited people to transform into the religion he inherited, Zoroastrianism. He educated the people of Middle East about the presence of an incomparable divinity, Ahura Mazda. Mazda was promoted as the light, and his opponent was Ahriman, the darkness. People were educated about the same and allowed to pick sides. Palestine, one of the most sacred places for Muslims in the Middle East, has been at war for the most part of the history. This Muslim majority region was ruled by Jews until a revolution started in the 1920s, which resulted in several wars throughout the area. World War II changed the shape of the Middle East. On one side countries like Turkey and Saudi Arabia remained unaffected, and in other new countries came into being or got independence. These include Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan Cyprus, Egypt and Israel. History has shaped the region well, which is now rich in minerals, especially oil. The US is said to have good control over oil found in the Middle East, which is also considered a war-torn area with instability in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Iraq. These were the 10 facts that we penned down for you from strong, reliable sources with references mentioned below. You can use the references to do some more research on these topics to create a compelling essay. Make sure to read our other guides as well before you get down to writing an article, as it is important to know the ins and outs of essay or research paper writing if you really wish to impress your teachers. References: Sahar el-Nadi (2012) Middle East of What? The European Magazine  theeuropean-magazine.com/sahar-el-nadi2/6181-the-long-history-of-a-label Gerard Russell (2014), Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms: Journeys Into the Disappearing Religions of the Middle East.  https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=i6L1AwAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=Heirs+to+Forgotten+Kingdoms:+Journeys+Into+the+Disappearing+Religions+of+the+Middle+East+pdfhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjE_-mSzIzSAhWCBBoKHSRSADIQ6AEIHzAB#v=onepageqf=false Karl E. Meyer, Editorial Notebook; How the Middle East Was Invented By Ny times. Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr (1979), A Concise History of the Middle East.  http://islamicblessings.com/upload/A-Concise-History-of-the-Middle-East-9th-Edition.pdf Anthony Ham (2006), Lonely Planet Publications, The Middle East.  http://media.lonelyplanet.com/shop/pdfs/middle-east-8-contents.pdf.pdf Robert Irwin (2010), Reaktion Books, Camel. Countries Hosting The Largest Numbers Of Refugees In The World (2015), worldatlas.com/articles/countries-hosting-the-largest-number-of-refugees-in-the-world.html

Financial Outcomes Paper Essays - IOS, ITunes, Videotelephony

Financial Outcomes Paper Essays - IOS, ITunes, Videotelephony Financial Outcomes Paper Financial Outcomes Paper FIN/419 May 11, 2015 Maria Johnson Financial Outcomes Paper Apple Inc. is one of the most well-known and popular Fortune 500 companies in the world. Through their constant innovation One of Apples current financial initiatives revolves around sales. In order to continually fuel company growth, Apples CEO Tim Cook has developed an initiative to release new products and services into the market place in 2015. According to "Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results" (2014), With the amazing innovations in our new iPhones, iPads and Macs, as well as iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite, we are heading into the holidays with Apples strongest product lineup ever. We are also incredibly excited about Apple Watch and other great products and services in the pipeline for 2015 (para. 3). Learning Team C will compare and contrast the three potential financial outcomes of this new initiative. Our team will determine the most likely outcome and discuss the possible positive and negative effects on Apples organization. Financial Outcome 1: Effects of Increase in Sales An increase in sales is obviously the ideal situation for Apple to be in. Sales going up means the company is doing what it should be doing in terms of making money. This positive outcome is not without its drawbacks, however. Making more money only means that more product is being consumed by the consumer, which in turn means that more product must be produced to meet demand. This situation is something that Apple is very well prepared for. Being a large Fortune 500 corporation such as Apple means that money is no object when it comes to making more money. A corporation that will not spend money to make money is one that is limiting its growth and shortening its horizons. Luckily for Apple and its stockholders, such is not the case for them. The business has shown a willingness time and time again to be a daring, innovative and exploratory leader in the world of technology and electronics. These devices are excellent for making money in both the personal use world as well as busines s use. According to Wakabayashi (2014) The popularity of the iPhone and iPad among employees is promoting corporate tech managers to rewrite policies and change traditional buying patterns. The iPhone has replaced the BlackBerry as the mobile phone of choice, as the iPad assumes tasks once reserved for PCs (p. 1). Since the third quarter of 2013, the financial reports show the per share price to be consistently on the rise after being retroactively adjusted to reflect the stock split. Prices have increased from $55.01 $66.54 in the 2013 third quarter to $92.09 - $103.74 in the fourth quarter of 2014. With increases like this it stands to reason that the iPods, iPads and iPhones produced by Apple are only gaining momentum in terms of popularity and profitability. The Apple Watch will likely become the next big product that Apple makes a substantial profit from, adding to the docket another big money maker to sweeten the pot for the corporation. Apple also makes a considerable amount of its gains in the service industry, through programs like iTunes that pair with their devices ingeniously to help the company become even more profitable. With Apple's track record and patterns of success, there is no reason to believe that they will not continue to add other successful products and services to th eir available arsenal and further dominate the technological industry. Financial Outcome 2: Decrease in Sales of Apple Products A decrease in sales would raise some red flags within the Apple organization. A decrease in sales could mean a couple of different things. It could mean a product is not reaching its targeting audience, or it could mean that the features of the technology is replaced by a newer, faster software. Either way a decrease in sales should force the company to look within to try to pinpoint the product or service that is not performing to par. Once identified, a quick resolution can be implemented to recover sales. There can be many factors

Strategic Fit Analysis of Starbucks The United States Segment Assignment

Strategic Fit Analysis of Starbucks The United States Segment - Assignment Example Our global business delivered the highest levels of service to our customers, a truly rewarding experience to our partners (employees), and a record-level performance to shareholders.† (Schultz, 2011). The Starbucks business strategy seeks to address sustainability, maintainability, and growth issues through effective management of available resources while assessing risks, opportunities and threats to ensure a sustainable growth while keeping the company’s value plan intact. The ultimate objective of business strategy is not only to earn good profits but also to win the customer satisfaction and confidence of shareholders and workforce. The Company’s Proxy statement for the year 2012 outlines some of these strategic guidelines in these words, â€Å"The involvement of the board of directors in reviewing Starbucks business strategy is an integral aspect of the board’s assessment of management’s tolerance for risk and also its determination of what co nstitutes an appropriate level of risk for the Company.† (Proxy, 2012). The purpose of the report is to establish a best strategic fit of Starbucks to further strengthen its position and share in the US coffee market. Before finding a best strategic fit for a growing company like Starbucks, it is imperative to explore various internal strengths and weaknesses of company as well as external opportunities and threats that it may face in the regional competitive market. Starbucks has a strategic insight into the growing market of coffee in United States. Ganes-Chase (2012) has explained the reasons towards changing coffee consumption trends for US in a more meaningful manner â€Å"Cof ­fee has had con ­sid ­er ­able pos ­i ­tive media cov ­er ­age about stud ­ies find ­ing drink ­ing cof ­fee to be good for your... The purpose of the report is to establish a best strategic fit of Starbucks to further strengthen its position and share in the US coffee market. Before finding a best strategic fit for a growing company like Starbucks, it is imperative to explore various internal strengths and weaknesses of company as well as external opportunities and threats that it may face in the regional competitive market. Starbucks has a strategic insight into the growing market of coffee in United States. This discussion declares that businesses are not operated in isolation they effects and got effected by Macro and Micro economic factors and forces. A successful business needs to identify the best strategic fit for its products while handling these factors and forces for the sustainability and growth of the business. Starbucks requires a carefully designed strategy to overcome various forces that may have an adverse impact on the business while cashing on the opportunities. The forth coming sections will outline various threats and opportunities posed by the multifaceted macro and micro forces. PESTEL Analysis is an effective macro-environment analytical tool. It may include the investigation of several factors that may effect the business operation of Starbucks in US to help in the decision making process of the business. This analysis will focus economic, political, legal and technological factors.

Women in the French Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in the French Revolution - Essay Example The French Revolution is commonly considered in the light of governmental changes and democracy; however another important aspect of this war was the women and the way that their rights were affected. There has been significant interest in the role of women during this time, particularly women writers who attempted to promote their opinions and desires through writing. Although women played a significant role in the French Revolution of 1789, this contribution was neither acknowledged nor rewarded. Instead, the concerns of women were relegated to the sidelines, and those that attempted to express or desire their own rights were suppressed1. Although the French Revolution brought about change for the country and resulted in the creation of a constitution, and a declaration detailing the rights of men, it was until 1944 that females were legally considered to be French citizens. Consequently, while the political environment of France was focused on the social change occurred as a resul t of the revolution, females were fighting for their rights, and striving for their voices to be heard2. The changing roles of women The French Revolution spurred many ideas about the role of women and significant debate about the way that women should be treated in society. Although many of these concepts were not new, but had been debated in the previous century, the change that accompanied the French Revolution increased passion and urgency in these ideas and brought them to the forefront3. The dominant culture in France prior to the Revolution as well as after it, considered females to be important in the domestic arena, and that it was not right for them to be involved in any public sphere4. However, the 17th century was the beginning of women gaining knowledge and seeking education for themselves. Women began to engage in discussion about subjects that had previously been beyond their reach, such as politics, science, literature and philosophy5. Because of this, women were beg inning to form strong opinions of their own, and were gaining the strength to speak out against their male counterparts and against those in authority. A number of women played a significant political role during the French Revolution, despite the expectations of their society, which felt that females should be passive in terms of political expression6. All-female clubs In 1791, mid-way through the French Revolution, Etta Palm d’Aelders was responsible for the creation of the first club that was exclusively for females, known as the Society of Friends of the Truth7. Another club was formed in 1973 named the Society for Republican Revolutionary Women, which was created by Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe. This club was strongly focused on the Revolution, and females who joined swore an oath of loyalty to the Republic and to the society. One argument that the co-founders of the society made was that women should have the right to bear arms and to govern. Less than five months af ter the society was first created a law was passed outlawing all women’s clubs8. Feminist movement During the French Revolution, the approaches that women took to their rights were significantly different, and can be broadly grouped into three categories. The first were theorists, such as Gouges, who focused on writing and on promoting the rights of women in general. The second group were female militants who believed that women should be heavily involved in fighting, and imagined armies of women battling against the enemies of the republic. The final group were

Intermediate sport management (sport events) Essay

Intermediate sport management (sport events) - Essay Example Such dilemma has appeared in the case of Beijing Olympic Games of 2008. The findings of studies developed on this event seem to be controversial. The effectiveness of the above event is evaluated in this paper by referring to the literature and the empirical studies that have published in this field. The key finding of the study is that the specific event can be characterized as successful even if the problems appeared during the development of the event’s Strategic Plan have been many, as analyzed below. 2.0 Introduction The effectiveness of 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is reviewed in this paper. A qualitative research approach has been used for reviewing the various aspects of the specific event. A series of studies published in the academic literature has been reviewed in order to check whether the above sport event has been successful or not. Specific aspects of the particular event are set as priorities in this study: Marketing, Operations Quality and Performance, Legal and Ethical issues, Finance, Human Resources and Media. Certain articles published in the local and international press have been also employed, for providing additional information, where necessary, on the issue under examination. The main body of this study has been divided into two parts: Discussion and Findings. In the first of these parts, the Discussion part, the findings of the literature related to this study’s subject are presented, being categorized in order for the coherency of the study to be secured. These findings are then evaluated in the second part of the main body, the Findings section, in order to decide whether the management techniques used for managing the above sport event have been successful or not. The findings of the literature review are supported by graphs included in this study’s Appendix. Conclusions in regard to the issues discussed through the paper are provided in the Findings section; in this way, all conclusions are appropriately suppor ted while any gaps, as revealed through the literature, are highlighted. 3.0 Discussion 3.1 Marketing Marketing, as part of the 2008 Beijing Olympic games, can be evaluated by referring to two, different, facts: the popularity of the specific event as it was in progress and the popularity of the city after the end of the particular event. The Beijing Olympic Games of 2008 can be considered as a major event for China’s public image. In fact, since the end of the Olympics the number of tourists that have visited the region has reached impressive levels; in 2011 about 4.61 million people visited the city, a number that it is quite high (Blanchard and Fan 2012). Gibson, Qi and Zhang (2008) tried to identify the level at which a major sport event can be used as a tool for improving the image of the hosting country. The case of Beijing Olympics is used as an example. A survey was developed in Athens among college students during the Athens Olympic Games of 2004. The objective of th e survey was to show whether the intention to travel to China could be influenced by the Olympics in Beijing. It was proved that, indeed, a relationship could exist between the hosting of a major sport event and the intention to travel to the hosting country. The above relationship is presented in the graph included in Figure 1,

Role And Status Of Women In The Police

Role And Status Of Women In The Police Q. Its not blatant sexism, its more like a sexual undercurrent (Female Police Officer cited in Foster et al. 2005). From your reading of the broader research literature, how well does this statement describe police working culture? Review the implications of your answer for the role and status of women in the police. I do not wish them (women) to have power over men, but over themselves. Women have historically played the role of the protected not the protector. The police force is historically a male orientated domain. Policing was seen as a job allocated to tough, manful acts of crime-fighting and thief-taking. This lent itself to a male, macho culture in which women played no part. As aptly put by Malcolm Young, the opportunities for women are constrained by hierarchies of dominance in which the masculine view prioritizes. For this reason gender is a difficult concept in the masculine culture it creates. For the few women who did enter into this male club they were assigned to station duties as opposed to pounding the street. The initial idea of policing was strongly linked to masculinity, historically males were responsible for physical labour and protection of the family. Women have had to fight hard against this stereotype and it is an uphill struggle they seem still to be fighting today, h owever with the emergence of this discrimination brought forth by the Stephen Lawrence tragedy, policing has come under tight scrutiny. In order to fully examine whether there is discrimination towards women in the police force there needs to be a discussion on womens history, outlining any progress over the years, and experience in modern day policing. This will uncover the dominance of any discrimination and the steps taken to counter it. Before any such analysis can take place there must be analysis into what constitutes an undercurrent. Is it present if one officer said something weekly, should it be rather a group of officers and what is the frequency of this behaviour? conversely what is the definition of blatant sexism. Is it blatant if the comment is directed straight to a women about an issue solely related to women, quote about period. Also can this be said to be sexism as a concept or simply miss placed humour? Blatant is defined as, without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious. These two ideas are not easily categorised, they appear to have a fluid quality rather than definite perimeters. In order to understand these things as a concept there needs to be an examination of modern and past policing and the resulting experiences. Women being fully integrated into the police force is a recent development. Previously women police officers were a separate part of the police. Margaret Damer Dawson, an anti-white slavery campaigner, and Nina Boyle, a militant suffragette journalist founded the Women Police Service in 1914. This was made up of women volunteers and it was not until 1930, women police were fully attested and given limited powers of arrest. In 1969 the womens branch of officers was dissolved in anticipation of the Equal Pay Act. Despite this women police were still treated as a separate section of the service. Women were not completely integrated into the police force until 1973. This suggests any discrimination faced by women may not be direct as could be seen towards women in the army, where women are excluded from positions which require face-to-face combat with the enemy. There has been legislation put in place to help with this integration but despite the apparent willingness to treat women as eq uals there may still be an undercurrent of sexism throughout the force. The first step seen to integrate women in the UK was the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. This Act made it unlawful to discriminate against women, either directly or indirectly, in the field of employment. It seemed optimistic at best to think that one act of parliament could change a history of discrimination and ingrained ideas about gender. The male culture was not keen for radical change from their conservative origins. This prevalent masculine culture is shown from a quote taken after the legislation was passed from sergeant Sheena Thomas, before I was promoted, a senior officer told me that once I remembered I was a mere woman and not police officer, I would get on far better. A challenge to the male dominated structure was not welcome making application not openly enforced. The history of policing is important in discussing modern policing as it allows for a better understanding of society ideals, as Reiner said, An understanding of how police officers see the social world and the ir role in it cop culture is crucial to an analysis of what they do and their broad political function. In recent statistics a division between women and male officers is prominent in not only the amount of female officers but also in promotional positions. According to the official statistics dated 31st March 2009 across England and Wales, women are not a particularly well represented group in the police force. The number of full time officers reached 141,647, out of these 32.8% were female police officers. This illustrates how women are still a minority group in the police force however there is further data that may give more weight to a claim of sexism in police practice. Women, in the same year of statistical data, were also shown to be under represented in positions of authority in the police. Examples are as follows; Male Female Total percentage Chief superintendent 448 60 508 12% Superintendent 938 120 1,058 11% However at the lowest position there is a greater equality in distribution; Male Female Total percentage Constable 79,430 30,801 110,231 28% The difference in numbers between women and men in the powerful positions could relate to the lower numbers of women applying to the police force. The question has to be asked is why are so few women applying to the force? There could be many reasons why women do not apply to the force, the obvious issue which stands out when thinking about police work and the gender divide is the nature of the work. This is generally thought to be male orientated due to the notion of the physical aspect attached to the job and the danger involved in it. Womens bodies have become a way of defining their readiness for the job. The idea of women as weak creatures is reflected in the police force, mainly in regard to physical strength. This presumed weakness reflects both physical and mental readiness, for the crime fighting nature of the job. In reality however this stereotypical idea of what police work involves may not be representative of reality. Much of police work involves administration and petty crime prevention, it is not the fast pace, dangerous profession TV may imply. For this reason it is hard to see why any physical differences between male and females should make a real difference in the active duty of a p olice officer, self image of the police is that of crime-fighters and this is not just a distortion of what they do, it is virtually a collective delusion Another aspect that leads the police to a more male orientated idea is the offenders with which they deal. As the majority of crimes are committed by men the job lends itself to male officers. This is to do with matching strength, males are seen as the stronger of the two and viewed as better equipped to deal with male offenders. The above statistics show that women are under represented in the police force, but what of the distribution of males and females in positions of power, does the unequal distribution reflect the smaller numbers of women in the force or sexual discrimination? The ratio of men to women in the constable role almost parallels the percentage of the overall police force between women and men, at 28%. This cannot be said of the higher positions. For example the total number of superintendents is merely 11%. This percentage discrepancy between males and females in positions of authority does not match that of the lower ranks, making me more inclined to agree with Sandra and her opinion of womens promotional opportunities: once recruited, their road to the top is certainly a greasy pole'. Research which supports this claim is evident over the years. Kinsey (1985) took empirical evidence in Merseyside that showed 43% of officers under 30 on station duty (least prestigious job) were women. Coffey, Brown and Savage (1992) showed findings that women were under represented in many special departments and totally absent from others. Brown, Maidment and Bull (1992) researched deployment patterns of women police officers which showed that they gravitated towards low frequency labour intensive specialised tasks. An example given for such tasks was supporting rape victims. Anderson, Brown and Campbell said women officers are limited in the amount and type of experiences they are able to gain. This in turn affects their job satisfaction and may inhibit their promotion prospects. That fewer women than men achieve promotion in turn can reinforce male stereotype about womens abilities Research had shown that women feel undermined and undervalued by the predominantly male, heterosexual culture. They felt that their roles in the team were often restricted and that they had to work a great deal harder than their male counterparts to prove themselves. As one officer said, the only thing I can do is just put my head down, work hard and prove myself. Which is depressing, but its reality isnt it. The only way I can earn respect is to work harder than everybody else. This apparent sexual discrimination has not managed to escape the courts when in 1992 Alison Halford, who was the highest ranked serving female officer with the position of assistant chief constable, pursued a sexual discrimination case against Merseyside police Authority. This was a high profile case widely reported in the media about Alison not getting a promotion she felt she deserved after nine attempts to secure the job. The case resulted in a victory and subsequently encouraged other women to take action and in that same year a number of other cases were reported in the media. . However for some it was seen as a step backwards when one senior female police officer said, It has not improved the image of the police and for that reason I wonder whether it has not ultimately damaged the cause of equal opportunities. The case did not go unnoticed with three female duty Chief Constables being appointed by 1994 and the first women Chief Constable, Pauline Clare, who headed the Lancash ire Police Having analysed the recruitment of women into the police and some of the reasons why fewer women go on to join the force than men it leads us to discuss the experiences of women who become policewomen. The police are nested in society so it could be said the female role in society, reflects their role in the police. By this I refer to women not being allow to join the front line of the army or other protective stances society takes towards women. In the research by Wersch it was found that women were associated with suspect specialisms which was known as warm, fuzzy policing. This reflects the idea of protecting women from the harder crimes, which involved more danger, by limiting their roles within the force. So does this mean that roles in the police force are gendered or simply that women find this sort of work easier than their male counterparts? In a US study by Miller it was concluded that women find it not only more comfortable to deal with the image of social work, the touchy -feely type tasks it involved, but were also better at that particular type of job. However it appears that a general statement such as this is sweeping in its assumption that all women as a category find this work comfortable. Many women in the police force feel there is no choice being assigned duties based on their gender and however hard they tried to be just one of the boys all had to face questions about their role and status. The aforementioned need to be one of the boys has been researched as a coping mechanism in order to be treated on a equal footing as their male counter parts. Women feel pressure by the macho culture to either get on with the job given or take on the characteristics of their male counterparts, macho characteristics. Both this idea and that of promotional opportunities are seen in the writing on Malcolm Young, Women who do breach the boundary to penetrate this masculine world can only ever be partially successful and will often have to subsume male characteristics to achieve even limited social acceptability. This apparent adoption of masculine qualities make women who stay in the force, tolerated almost as honorary men. The idea was excellently summarised by Ehrlich-Martin (1980) by identifying strategies of POLICEwomen or policeWOMEN, the choice between fulfilling their traditional role associated with women in society or adopting the male culture. However even women who do not adop t these characteristics and instead opt for traditionally female posts have a hard time. A male officer described a female officers work in the schools liaison department, No cold Saturday nights working the town and lots of school holidays what does she do when the kids are off? (male PC 1994). Women appear to be at a disadvantage no matter what road they choose. Discrimination within the police force came to a head with the tragedy of Steven Lawrence sparking great debate about discrimination within society. Steven was a young black youth who was killed by a group of white youths. The police inquiry was said to be led by racial discrimination and initiated an inquiry. The Stephen Lawrence inquiry led to an exclusion of racial language in the force. For many this was reduced through risk of being disciplined rather than a change in attitude. It was said by a PC in site 7 that officers did not use racist language because it was too risky: Too many people are scared of not grassing you up. This would suggest that without changing attitude through education and understanding the once canteen culture will be driven under ground and felt in less overt forms of discrimination. This infamous inquiry led to a close scrutiny of the force and a home Officer research project entitled Assessing the impact of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry . The main aim of which was to evaluate the impact of the inquiry, examining the changes it made and the relationships within the force. While it recognised progress made such as the recording, monitoring and responses to hate crime and the general excision of racist language from the police service, there was evidence that these developments were not employed uniformly across the force. The inquiry drew out, not only the structural dimensions of the police in relation to women, but also their treatment day to day through the observational nature of the research. Its clear that structurally the force is kinder to the male in terms of numbers and promotional opportunities but what of the day to day treatment women face. The Stephen Lawrence inquiry was said by many police officers to have removed the workplace banter with one officer saying, you cant have a laugh and a joke like you could However for many minority groups and women this was not a negative thing as they often found themselves on the end of such banter. One female officer stated she, developed quite a hard skin. The issue relating to the womens responses to the question, in my option, lies in the question itself. So what is this banter and does it in fact reflect a sexism undertone. This idea of humiliation was identified in Chaplins work by saying that with pre-existing social structures, defining women as domestic beings and men in the public sphere is enhanced in the police force creating social conflict and humiliation. Policewomen are often on the end of so called banter whi ch reflects their body or that of women around them. The body of women are discussed, measured and laughed at. It is ogled and lusted over, sneered at, ridiculed, drooled over and constrained into a repressed form. Women are seen as over sensitive creatures meaning women feel to complain about this banter between work colleagues would be to reaffirm the male suspicion. Evidence of this is shown in Malcolm Youngs research when he states that, In the 300 nicknames in my fieldname collection, those relating to women almost always symbolize size and ugliness or fasten onto an allegedly sexual potency. Much of the research on this subject agree that there is sexism in the police with the discussion centring around the degree of its prominence however this is not a completely accepted view. Criticism has been made of some literature based on their assumption that police sub-culture is the principal guide to action Waddington argues that this overlooks wider culture, which in turn makes police culture not an insular idea, but a reflection of stories, myths and anecdotes of their wider culture Although much of his other arguments appear unfounded this does strike a cord concerning what annotation the term brings up. Perhaps as Janet Chan said, police culture has become a convenient label for a range of negative values, attitudes and practice norms among officers. This term, by way of its implied expectations of behaviour, causes people who have had no experience with the police to become armchair critics, overlooking the honest, polite, non-violent, non-racist and non-sexist officers evidently in the force. Any marginalisation in the police appears to stem from societies traditional role of women. With the police being nested in society and many of the officers being working class males from lower class backgrounds it appears less of a blatant sexism and more of a lack of education and social upbringing. Sexism cannot be said to be blatant due to the progress of womens integration into the police force. However there is clearly some form of sexual undercurrent stemming from promotional opportunities available to female officers and the banter they experience in everyday work. With society changing there is a new perception as to a women and their place and abilities, so as to womens future in the police I would be inclined to look on it favourably recognising a better understanding in society as a whole. With the emergence of new police officers there will hopefully be a change in stereotypical views of women, through better education and understanding. Throughout this analysis women ha ve been seen as a category and not individuals, perhaps it is in this generalisation that the problem finds it routes, Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, She doesnt have what it takes. They will say, Women dont have what it takes.

EC Law :: essays research papers fc

EC LAW ASSIGNMENT Gary Slapper states  ¡Ã‚ °that ever since the UK joined the European Community it has progressively, but effectively passed the the power to create laws which have effect in this country to the wider European institutions such ¡Ã‚ ±(Slapper`99 P.33) So in all practical terms the UK`s legislative, executive and judiciary ¡Ã‚ ¯s powers are in the main controlled by and operated within the framework of the European community laws. The increasing importance of Uk judges to consider the issues and principles of EC Law is clearly evident now as regards such issues as human rights and employment rights. National Judges must consider the practical realities that they must abide by EC rules regarding four areas of 1. Direct Applicability,2.Direct Effect and that3.EC Law following the case of Costa v Enel (1964) prevails over the national laws of each member state. Lastly 4. that in coming to a decision the National judge has the option to request a preliminary hearing under Art.177 from the European judiciary on a national legal dispute. It is these four areas that must be looked at in by the national judge when they are considering a case. With the fact that regulations are directly applicable under Art.189EC to all member states and that the UK has adopted the Monist stance (i.e. Community Law automatically becomes UK law) then judges have little option in some areas of law, but to follow Ec laws/Treaties. This comes via the European Communities Act 1972(S.2) and is affirmed in Ec case law 34/73 Variola 1973.National judges must also consider that Ec directives are part of domestic law and thus have legal existence even before their confirmation into national law. National judges must also consider that Ec Law regarding matters that come before the domestic courts is also Directly Effective (involving treaties) and it enforces rights and duties for Ec nationals, which can be enforced in domestic courts. This was established in the landmark case of Van Gend en Loos 1963.The National judge  ¡Ã‚ °has to apply community law in the absence or in place of national law then a provision of such community law must to all intents and purposes be unconditional, clear and precise to form part of Uk law ¡Ã‚ ±. Kaczorowaska`98 P275 .The National judge has the ability to use discretion in the form and implementation procedure. Indeed with the concept of indirect horizontal direct then domestic judges are required to interpret their law in line with that of the community which basically emphasises the supremacy of Ec law as seen in Von Colson and Kaman 1984.

A Day Without a Phone

Over this past weekend, when given the challenge to shut off my phone for 24 hours, I didn’t believe I could make it. My phone is probably involved in almost every activity I do throughout the day. Weather its taking notes down for my classes or tweeting my latest pointless thought. It guides me when its dark, tells me when its going to rain, and even notifies me when I get poked on Facebook. I can honestly admit to being one of those people who are completely dependent on their phones.Knowing this about myself I had to factor in three important variables; what day, what am I going to do, & of course how will I notify people of my whereabouts! Being the weekend and all, its kind of hard not being on the phone making plans for the night. How will I go about organizing a little get together with the close friends? So I thought to myself, Friday and Saturday are too important to be out of the loop. I finally made my decision that Sunday is perfect! I mean, who cares about Sunday? It’s a day of relaxation so I thought it would be perfect! Now I had to plan, what am I going to do. Earlier this weekend a friend of mine who was actually visiting from Florida had called me wanting to meet and catch up. Right before turning my phone off late Saturday I gave him a call explaining the situation, he laughed and told me to come pick him up from his aunts at 12 AM and to just simply get out of my car, walk to the front door, and knock. (Obviously texting a simple â€Å"here. † Would have been simpler).Besides that I thought I would just wing it and see where the day takes me. Now I just had one last issue, I got to hide it! Knowing myself pretty well, I knew it was a bad idea to have the phone around me, if I planned to actually commit to this. I decided to simply leave it in my mother’s possession for safekeeping. With these three issues resolved I’m now ready to, â€Å"slide to power off†. So Sunday begins. I woke up at around 11AM (kind of late due to the fact I couldn’t set the alarm on my phone).I got out of bed rushed out to the kitchen and looked at the oven for the time! I quickly proceeded to shower and get ready. At 12AM I arrived at my friends aunts house to pick him up, knocked on the door and he came right out (no big deal after all). We then went to lunch and spent a few hours talking and playing some call of duty on my Xbox. Without noticing, it was almost 6 at night! Wow! I was impressed. By this time I probably would have had to plug my phone in for the second charge of the day!Now it was time to go to the gym, I usually use my phone to play music but I had to bust out my little mp3 from back in the day. At the gym I’m rarely on the phone so this hour and a half went by swiftly has well. When I returned home I showered and started preparations to begin on my homework. It being 8PM now I thought the worse was over! So I read my 20 pages of Feed and did some of my history assignment and probably finished at around 9:30PM. At this point of the day I didn’t even remember I didn’t have my phone glued to my side.I realize now that having all those cool features and apps on my phone only makes me waist my time and procrastinate on the important things I should be doing. The last few hours till midnight I simply watched a few episodes of The Walking Dead to pass the time. It really wasn’t much of a challenge after all; it was actually very relieving not being involved in any social media and texting throughout the day. Perhaps I will make this an event for every Sunday!

Free Essays on Sex Offenders

Recidivism of Sex Offenders Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted (Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhoods destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system, only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes (Oakes 99). This presents a problem for the public, as potential victims, and the legal system, which is entrusted by the public for protection. It would be irresponsible for the legal system to ignore the criminal class of sex offenders, for they are subject to a recurring physiological urge that requires the use of effective restraints that would curb the habitual repetition of episodes producing the harmful consequences to the public (Schopf 95). In light of this realization, steps beyond treatment have been taken to reduce the recidivism rate of sex offenders. Notification laws, special supervising techniques by parole officers, and both surgical and chemical castration are techniques used in various forms in this country and abroad with success. However, notification laws and both forms of castrations have not come about without criticism on constitutional grounds. Any criticism should take into account the extraordinary recidivism rates found only in the criminal class of the sex offender. A study found in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence by Michael C. Seto and Howard E. Barbaree looked at 224 sex offenders. Of those men, 33 committed a new offense of some ... Free Essays on Sex Offenders Free Essays on Sex Offenders Recidivism of Sex Offenders Sex offenders have been a serious problem for our legal system at all levels, not to mention those who have been their victims. There are 43,000 inmates in prison for sexual offenses while each year in this country over 510,000 children are sexually assaulted (Oakes 99). The latter statistic, in its context, does not convey the severity of the situation. Each year 510,000 children have their childhoods destroyed, possibly on more than one occasion, and are faced with dealing with the assault for the rest of their lives. Sadly, many of those assaults are perpetrated by people who have already been through the correctional system, only to victimize again. Sex offenders, as a class of criminals, are nine times more likely to repeat their crimes (Oakes 99). This presents a problem for the public, as potential victims, and the legal system, which is entrusted by the public for protection. It would be irresponsible for the legal system to ignore the criminal class of sex offenders, for they are subject to a recurring physiological urge that requires the use of effective restraints that would curb the habitual repetition of episodes producing the harmful consequences to the public (Schopf 95). In light of this realization, steps beyond treatment have been taken to reduce the recidivism rate of sex offenders. Notification laws, special supervising techniques by parole officers, and both surgical and chemical castration are techniques used in various forms in this country and abroad with success. However, notification laws and both forms of castrations have not come about without criticism on constitutional grounds. Any criticism should take into account the extraordinary recidivism rates found only in the criminal class of the sex offender. A study found in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence by Michael C. Seto and Howard E. Barbaree looked at 224 sex offenders. Of those men, 33 committed a new offense of some ...

Chemistry Notes Essays

Chemistry Notes Essays Chemistry Notes Paper Chemistry Notes Paper Chemistry 200 Exam 1 Review Problems 1. Calculate the number of atoms in 10. 0 grams of Fe. 2. Give the mass number, #protons, #neutrons and #electrons for the isotope strontium-88. 3. Calculate the number of moles of carbon in 50. 0 g of benzene C6H6 4. A substance is found to be 38. 7 % C, 9. 7 % H and 51. 6 % O by mass. Its molar mass is 62. 1 g/mole. What is its molecular formula? 5. Name the following: a) Ca(OH)2b) KCN c) HClO4(aq)d) FeSO4e) Na2O f) SF6g) MgSO4 ( 2H2Oh) Na2O2 6. What are the formulas of the following compounds? ) sodium sulfite b) potassium permanganatec) calcium sulfide d) aluminum hydroxidee) mercury (II) phosphate f) tetraphosphorus trisulfideg) nitrous acid 7. Which of the following is not an example of a chemical change? a) converting gasoline to carbon dioxide and water b) digesting starch to give glucose c) grinding sucrose crystals into powdered sugar d) smoking tobacco e) generating carbon dioxide from baking soda and vinegar 8. The density of ethyl alcohol is 0. 789 g/mL. What is the volume of 35. 5 grams of ethyl alcohol ? 9. How many significant figures are in the mass measurement 0. 50 gram? 10. If an automobile engine has a volume of 155 in3, what is the volume in cm3 ? (2. 54 cm = 1 in exactly) 11. Convert 25 ? L into milliliters 12. If 5. 58 g of powdered iron react with powdered sulfur to produce 8. 79 g of iron sulfide, what is the mass of reacting sulfur? 13. Sodium chloride, table salt, melts at 801 °C. What is the melting point on the Fahrenheit scale ? 14. Express this number in scientific notation: 0. 00104 centimeter 15. What is the mass in kilograms of a beaker that weighs 101 grams? 16. Convert 12 g(cm2/s2 to Joules (kg(m2/s2) 17. A 1. 13 g sample of a hydrate, ZnSO4 ( X H2O is dissolved in pure water and the sulfate ion is precipitated by adding an excess of barium chloride solution. The mass of pure dry barium sulfate obtained is 0. 8223 g. What is the formula of the zinc hydrate? 18. 0 . 01981 g of an acid containing only C, H, and O undergoes combustion to yield 0. 04198 g carbon dioxide and 0. 00645 g water. What is the empirical formula of the acid? 19. The maximum allowable concentration of carbon monoxide in urban air is 10 mg/m3 over an eight-hour period. At this level, what mass of CO in grams is present in a room measuring 8. x 12. 0 x 20. 0 ft ? 20. An English unit used in pharmaceutical work is the grain (gr). There are 15 grains in 1 gram. An aspirin tablet contains 5. 0 gr of aspirin. A 145 lb person takes two aspirin tablets. Calculate the dosage of aspirin, which is the number of milligrams of aspirin per kilogram of body weight. (1 lb = 453. 5 g) 21. The dosage of an arthritis medicine for dogs is given as 1. 5 – 1. 7 mg / kg body weight. If my dog weighs 70. lbs, and the drug comes as 100 mg tablets, how many tablets should my dog get? (1 lb = 453. 5 g) True or False 22. A compound is a pure substance that cannot be broken down any further by ordinary chemical reaction. 23. Li2O is dilithium oxide. 24. The nucleus of one atom of 18O contains 18 neutrons and 8 protons. 25. The name of the family of potassium is â€Å"alkali metal. 26. Sodium chloride is a mixture. 27. All atoms of an element have the same mass. More Calculations: 28. Given the reaction:2C2H6 + 7O2 ( 4CO2 + 6H2O How many moles of O2 will react completely with 12. 00 moles of C2H6 ? 29. Given the equation:4FeS2 + 11O2 ( 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 If you react 85 grams of FeS2 with excess O2 , how many grams of Fe2O3 should you get? 0. Given the reaction: 2C2H6 + 7O2 ( 4CO2 + 6H2O If 28. 0 grams of C2H6 are reacted with excess oxygen, and 70. 0 grams of CO2 are produced , what is the percent yield of the reaction? 31. Given the reaction: 2 H2 + O2 ( 2 H 2O If 15. 0 g of H2 are mixed with 15. 0 g of O2 what mass of water is produced? 32. What is the molarity of a HCl(aq) solution made by dissolving 0 . 20 moles of HCl(g) in enough water to make 40. 0 mL of solution? 33. What mass of NaOH(s) is required to prepare 250 mL of 50. 0 mM NaOH(aq)? (note: what does mM (millimolar) mean? 34. How many mL of 12 M HCl(aq) do you need to prepare 150. 0 mL of 1. 5 M HCl(aq)? 35. If 75. 0 g of Na2SO4 are dissolved in water to make 1. 50 L of solution, what are the concentrations (molarity) of all the ions in the final solution? 36. If 0. 203 g of KHP (potassium hydrogen phthalate) is titrated with 10. 7 mL of NaOH (aq) , what is the molarity of the NaOH solution? (molar mass KHP = 204. 22) KHP + NaOH ( H2O + salt 37. Given the following equation: 3 NiSO4 (aq) + 2 Na3PO4 (aq) ( Ni3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 Na2SO4 (aq) How many mL of 0. 75 M NiSO4 (aq) are needed to react completely with 35. 6 mL of 0. 265 M Na3PO4 (aq)? 38. Element X has three naturally occurring isotopes. The masses (amu) and % abundances of the isotopes are given in the table below. The average atomic mass of the element is __________ amu. [pic] 39. Provide the products of the following reaction: C6H10 + O2 > What type of reaction is this? 40. Given the following equation: 3 NiSO4 (aq) + 2 Na3PO4 (aq) ( Ni3(PO4)2 (s) + 3 Na2SO4 (aq) If 20. 0 mL of 0. 100 M NiSO4 is reacted with 35. 0 mL of 0. 100 M Na3PO4 how many grams of Ni3(PO4)2 are produced?

Comparing and Contrasting HHS, NASA and DHS Acquisition Planning and Essay

Comparing and Contrasting HHS, NASA and DHS Acquisition Planning and Policies - Essay Example The sustainability of a procurement approach is considered when a contracting a project. Furthermore, projects initiated through procurements should seek professional advice prior to their implementation. The financial demands and design are critical aspects that equally need consideration. It took the council a while before amassing sufficient the funds to carry out this community project; thus, cost became a critical issue in the method used. A decision on the procurement route for use should expect variance on the outcome (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006). The time required for the project and resource availability basing on knowledge is equally subject to consideration. The choice of the procurement route is dependent on the objectives that a client intends to attain with the available resources. According to Morledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi (2006, p.96), the traditional procurement is the most common and current procurement approach. Organizations use it in implementing their projects and other business activities within the community. This technique also referred to as design bid build procurement, is efficient regardless of an individual’s knowledge concerning project management. This procurement style carries out complicated activities with indefinite periods for their accomplishment. This procurement is friendly in terms of affordability and other logistical requirements by the client. The Little-tree Parish Council will engage their ideas in the design presented before the contractors make suggestions concerning their needs. In the traditional route, a client lays out the plan for a project of which he/she selects a contractor to carry out the activity. They normally involve low risks since skilled contractors carry out most activities (Morledge, Smith, Kashiwagi, 2006, p.108). When traditional procurement is run for a short period, it can cause irregularities.

Freedom of speech and expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Freedom of speech and expression - Essay Example For the purpose of our essay we will mainly discuss two famous cases: Ozzy Osbourne's song "Suicide Solution"1 and Ice-T's "Cop Killer"2. We will focus on the aspects of the songs that caused such an outrage and we will try to replace the song in the cultural context to explain and understand their link with the freedom of speech and expression issue. In 1981 was released Ozzy Osbourne's first solo album "Blizzard of Ozz". This album included a song called Suicide Solution. The song was originally aimed to talk about alcohol as a deadly substance. The song was written by Osbourne after his friend Bon Scott, lead-singer of AC/DC, had died as a result of alcohol abuse. The word Solution should be understood as mixture and not as answer as we will see later. On October 26, 1984, during the night, John McCollum shot himself in the head with a .22 caliber handgun. He was 19 years old. It was reported that when he entered the room, the coroner found headphones on John's head. He had been listening for most of the evening to Ozzy Osbourne's albums "Diary of a madman" and "Blizzard of Ozz" in the living room. He then went in his bedroom, listened to Osbourne's album "Speak of the devil" and shot himself". The fo The following year, in October John's parents filed suit against Ozzy Osbourne and his record company CBS on charges of negligence, products liability and intentional misconduct, claiming that Osbourne's song had incited their son to commit suicide. The case was first dismissed on August 7, 1986, by The Superior Court of Los Angeles County. The McCollums appealed arguing that Osbourne's songs were containing themes such as satanic worshiping and death. They precisely targeted the song Suicide Solution because of his lyrics "suicide is the only out" and of supposedly masked lyrics not printed in the album as "why try, why try, get the gun and try it, shoot, shoot, shoot" The music was constitutionally protected as decided by the Court of Appeals which ruled that Osbourne's music could not be seen as a cause of the suicide. The first step of this decision was to declare that the music was protected by the First Amendment but then consider that freedom of speech is not absolute. An investigation was conducted by the court to explore the possibilities of Osbourne's music encouraging John McCollum's suicide. In regards of the Brandenburg test, the Court decided that Osbourne's music could not be accountable for the decision taken by McCollum. It is interesting to recall the declaration of the Court of Appeals: "freedom of speech is not absolute". When one shall consider that freedom of speech and expression must be considered as the possibility to declare anyone of his feelings, we will have to precise this interpretation. Alexis de Tocqueville, the philosopher, in "Democracy in America"3 explained that when a person expresses an opinion which may seem unpopular, he may be subjected to the rejection of his community. He qualifies freedom of speech as a civil liberty rather then a fundamental liberty. In Osbourne's case, we are directly confronted to that type of differentiation. He and his song are rejected because they do not fit with the common thoughts of what music -